Uso de vitaminas e/ou minerais entre adultos e idosos em áreas urbanas no Brasil: prevalência e fatores associados / Use of vitamins and/or minerals among adults and the elderly in urban areas of Brazil: prevalence and associated factors

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi estimar a prevalência do uso de vitaminas e/ou minerais na população brasileira urbana com idade maior ou igual a 20 anos e identificar os fatores associados ao uso. Foram analisados os dados da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos no Brasil (PNAUM), estudo transversal de base populacional, com amostra probabilística, realizada nas áreas urbanas das cinco regiões geográficas do país entre setembro de 2013 e fevereiro de 2014. A prevalência do uso estimada foi de 4,8% (IC95% 4,3-5,3), maior no sexo feminino, 6,4% (IC95% 5,7-7,1), e na população idosa, 11,6% (IC95% 10,5-12,8). O uso de vitaminas e/ou minerais mostrou-se associado aos fatores: sexo feminino, 60 anos ou mais, classe econômica A/B, apresentar doença(s) crônica(s) e autopercepção de saúde regular e muito ruim/ruim. Os multivitamínicos e multiminerais obtiveram maior frequência de uso, 24,5% (IC95% 20,1-29,4), seguido de cálcio e vitamina D, 23,4% (IC95% 19,7-27,5). Os dados sugerem que mulheres idosas devam ser o público referencial para ações de promoção do uso racional. Recomenda-se que os inquéritos epidemiológicos de abrangência nacional possam ampliar a observação desses produtos para possibilitar a análise de tendências.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of vitamin and/or mineral use among urban Brazilian populations aged 20 years and over and to identify associated factors. Data from the National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of the Rational Use of Medicines in Brazil (PNAUM) were analyzed and a population-based cross-sectional study with probability sampling was performed in urban areas of Brazil's five geographic regions from September 2013 to February 2014. The estimated prevalence of vitamin and/or mineral use was 4.8% (95%CI: 4.3-5.3), higher in women 6.4% (95%CI: 5.7-7.1) and in the elderly population 11.6% (95%CI: 10.5-12.8). Vitamin and/or mineral use was associated with the following factors: women, 60 years of age or older, economic class A/B, chronic disease(s) and self-perceived health held as average and very poor/poor. Multivitamins and multiminerals were the most used ones with 24.5% (95%CI 20.1-29.4), followed by calcium and vitamin D with 23.4% (95%CI 19.7-27.5). Data suggest that elderly women should be the reference public for actions aimed at promoting rational use. Nationwide epidemiological surveys should increase monitoring of these products to support the analysis of trends.

Análisis preliminar de alimentos para la población vegana/vegetariana. ¿son buenos aportadores de minerales de interés nutricional? / Preliminary analysis of foods for the vegan/vegetarian population. Are they good suppliers of minerals of nutritional interest?

Resumen Introducción: recientemente, se ha evidenciado gran desarrollo de variados productos destinados a la población vegetariana/vegana. Sin embargo, su valor nutricional no ha sido estudiado en profundidad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar aporte potencial (AP) y porcentaje de cobertura de requerimientos diarios (%RD) de hierro, calcio y zinc de alimentos dirigidos a poblaciones adolescente y adulta vegetariana/vegana. Materiales y método: se analizaron cinco medallones (4 comerciales, 1 casero) y once bebidas (9 comerciales, 4 de ellas c/jugo frutal y 2 caseras) elaborados con materias primas vegetales. Se estableció el AP de Fe, Ca y Zn en los productos considerando su contenido y dializabilidad porcentual (D%). Se calculó, para una porción de alimento, el porcentaje de cobertura del requerimiento diario de estos minerales. Resultados: el contenido de los minerales en los medallones fue: [Fe] 1,64-4,21 mg%; [Ca] 104-213 mg% y [Zn] 0,53-3,57 mg%; en las bebidas se observó: [Fe] 0,24-2,39 mg%; [Ca] 71-214 mg% y [Zn] 0,18-0,79 mg%. La D% en medallones fue: Fe 7,3-11,9; Ca 10,2-18,2 y Zn 17,0-21,4 y para las bebidas, Fe 5,2-32,8; Ca 6,4-35,7 y Zn 5,9-33,9. El %RD para adolescentes, considerando una porción de medallones fue: Fe mujeres 3,0-9,0%; hombres 5,0-16%; Ca 0,7-6,8% y Zn 1,5-3,9% y para adultos fue: Fe mujeres 3,0-10%; hombres 7,0-20%; Ca 0,6-5,8% y Zn 2,0-5,1%. Al considerar las bebidas, el %RD para adolescentes fue: Fe mujeres 2,0-28%; hombres 4,0-53%; Ca 0,4-22% y Zn 1,3-9,5%. Para adultos fue: Fe mujeres 2,0-31%; hombres 5,0-64%; Ca 0,3-19% y Zn 1,8-12%. Conclusiones: en los medallones se observó bajo %RD para los minerales estudiados. Las bebidas con agregado de jugos de naranja o manzana aportaron cantidades significativas de hierro. El %RD para zinc y calcio de los dieciséis alimentos fue bajo (ambos grupos estudiados). Consecuentemente, para cubrir los requerimientos de estos minerales habría que combinar adecuadamente los alimentos que se consumen.

Abstract Introduction: recently, there has been great development of various products aimed at the vegetarian/vegan population. However, its nutritional value has not been studied in depth. The objective of this study was to evaluate potential intake (PI) and percentage of coverage of daily requirements (% RD) of iron, calcium and zinc from foods aimed at adolescent and adult vegetarian/vegan populations Materials and method: five medallions (4 commercial, 1 homemade) and eleven beverages (9 commercial, 4 of them with fruit juice and 2 homemade) made with vegetable raw materials were analyzed. The PI of Fe, Ca and Zn was established in the products considering their content and percentage dialyzability (D%). It was calculated, for a portion of food, the percentage of coverage of the daily requirement of these minerals. Results: the mineral content in the medallions was: [Fe] 1.64-4.21 mg%; [Ca] 104-213 mg% and [Zn] 0.53-3.57 mg%; in beverages it was observed: [Fe] 0.24-2.39 mg%; [Ca] 71-214 mg% and [Zn] 0.18-0.79 mg%. The D% in medallions was: Fe 7,3-11,9; Ca 10.2-18.2 and Zn 17.0-21.4 and for beverages, Fe 5.2-32.8; Ca 6.4-35.7 and Zn 5.9-33.9. The %RD for adolescents, considering a portion of medallions was: Fe women 3.0-9.0%; men 5.0-16%; Ca 0.7-6.8% and Zn 1.5-3.9% and for adults it was: Fe women 3.0-10%; men 7.0-20%; Ca 0.6-5.8% and Zn 2.0-5.1%. When considering beverages, the %RD for adolescents was: Fe women 2.0-28%; men 4.0-53%; Ca 0.4-22% and Zn 1.3-9.5%. For adults it was: Fe women 2.0-31%; men 5.0-64%; Ca 0.3-19% and Zn 1.8-12%. Conclusions: in the medallions, low % RD was observed for the minerals studied. Drinks with added orange or apple juices provided significant amounts of iron. The %RD for zinc and calcium of the sixteen foods was low (both groups studied). Consequently, to meet the requirements of these minerals, it would be necessary to properly combine the foods consumed.

Minerals Composition of Solanum aethiopicum L. and Amaranthus hybridus L. Leaves from Burkina Faso

Aim: Malnutrition remains a public health problem in children aged under five years in Burkina Faso. Research to find indigenous vegetables with high content of minerals can contribute to fight against children malnutrition. The aim of this study was to assess minerals composition of Solanum aethiopicum L. and Amaranthus hybridus L. leaves grown in Burkina Faso. Methodes: The leaves have been collected in three markets of Ouagadougou. For the two plants, the dry leaves have been analysed for the following minerals content: Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na), Phosphor (P), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn). The analyses have been done using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer and flame photometer methodes. Results: The results showed high mean concentration in K, Ca and Mg in the leaves of the two plants. For Solanum aethiopicum leaves, the concentration in K, Ca and Mg was respectively 3064; 1048 and 666 mg/100 g. The trace elements content were also high: Fe (12 mg/100 g) and Zn (20 mg/100 g). For Amaranthus hybridus leaves, the concentration in K, Ca and Mg was respectively 3573; 606 and 475 mg/100 g. The leaves of Solanum aethiopicum had the highest content of following minerals: Ca, Mg, Na, P, Fe and Zn compared to Amaranthus hybridus leaves. Conclusion: This study showed that both plants are good sources of important minerals. They are essential to be included in the diet of children to promote growth and contribute to fight against malnutrition.

Effect of Thermal Treatments on Selected Minerals and Water Soluble Vitamins of Chicken Breast Meat

The study was conducted to ascertain the effect of thermal treatments on selected minerals (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, Fe and Zn) and water soluble vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, B12 and C) contents of chicken breast meat. Industrial skinless chicken breast meat samples were purchased, transported to Bioprocess laboratory in cool conditions, frozen and sliced into dimensions and thawed. The samples were cooked by air frying (AF), baking (BK), deep fat frying (DF) and grilling (GR) at 170, 180 and 1900C for 0, 4, 8 and 12 min for minerals and 0, 8 and 16 min for vitamins. Thereafter, cooked and raw samples were wet acid digested overnight and 5 h digested on a block digester on slowly increased temperature to 1200C, cooled and deionized. The mineral elements were analysed by Optima 4300DV inductivity coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductivity coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). These mineral elements were extrapolated through a calibration curve between intensity and concentration, while the vitamins were ascertained by measurement of absorbance of filtrates of the samples dissolved in their respective solvents in the Spectrophotometer against their blank samples at different wavelengths. The results showed that cooking methods decreased significantly (p < 0.05) the mineral elements with an exception of Zn cooked by grilling (GR) that increased by 19.92% and Mg that increased in the cooking methods. The ascending percentage reduction of minerals in cooked chicken breast were Zn, P, K, Fe, Na and Ca. Samples cooked by DF had significantly (p < 0.05) higher percentage reduction of 45.06% in Ca, 27.74% in Na and 18.85% in Zn and higher percentage increases of 14.96% in Mg contents than other methods. Also samples cooked by DF had higher percentage reductions of 55.10%, 37.93%, 37.11%, 34.44% and 30.99% in vitamins B1, C, B2, B9 and B6 Whereas higher percentage reductions of 41.67% and 37.84 % in vitamins B12 and B3 occurred in baking (Bk) and grilling (GR) treated samples. Cooking at 1900C had higher percent reduction in the Ca, Na, Fe, K, P and Zn as well as B1, B12, B2, C, B3, B9 and B6. Cooking methods, temperatures and times decreased significantly (p < 0.05) vitamins and minerals contents of chicken breast meat with an exception of Mg. Samples cooked at 1700C for 4 min and 1700C for 8 min had lower losses of minerals and vitamins compared to similar samples cooked at 1800C and 1900C. The AF cooking method had the least percent reduction of 22.50% than other cooking methods BK (26.88%), DF (36.04%) and GR (30.69%) in vitamin contents.

Socket regeneration after immediate loading implants with tissue and bone graft: 1-year clinical follow-up

Evaluation of ridge alteration after 1 year follow up after immediate loading implant placement. Methods: Ten patients were included in the study, in whom the ridge volume, height, and thickness were evaluated from region of interest (ROI) of tomographic images of the operated areas (test group) and compared to the opposite tooth (control group). Results: After one year, there was no implant loss and all patients were satisfied with the treatment. In the test group there was a statistically significant increase in ridge height (2.89±1.05 mm) when compared to the control group. No significant difference in relation to ridge volume and thickness was observed. In the intragroup evaluation, a significant gain in ridge height (2.65±3.08 mm) was observed when compared to baseline. Conclusion: The placement of an immediate implant, temporary crown, and tissue regeneration in sockets with buccal defects promotes the regeneration of the buccal wall while preventing the reduction of bone volume and thickness

Suplementación con vitaminas, minerales y otros micronutrientes durante el embarazo

Introducción: La adecuada nutrición en el embarazo depende no solo de la correcta ingesta de alimentos, sino también de una apropiada administración de vitaminas, minerales y otros nutrientes en forma de suplementos. Objetivo: Describir aspectos relacionados sobre la suplementación con ácido fólico, hierro, yodo, calcio, vitamina B12 y omega-3, durante el embarazo. Método: Se realizó una revisión sistemática entre mayo de 2022 y marzo de 2023 sobre la suplementación con algunas vitaminas y minerales durante el embarazo. Se revisaron bases de datos electrónicas de literatura científica biomédica como: UpToDate, Science Direct, SciELO y PUBMED, LILACS. Se realizó la búsqueda de artículos desde el 2016 hasta 2022. Los términos de búsqueda en las bases de datos fueron: suplementos "Vitaminas", "Micronutrientes", "Minerales", y "Embarazo", en inglés y en español. Resultados: Los requerimientos de vitaminas, minerales y diferentes nutrientes aumentan en el embarazo. Una apropiada alimentación y el consumo de micronutrientes en forma de suplementos son el soporte básico para un adecuado desarrollo de la madre y del feto; por otra parte, una nutrición adecuada reduce el riesgo de malformaciones congénitas, complicaciones obstétricas, fetales y perinatales. No todas las embarazadas necesitan la misma cantidad de suplementos, por lo que es necesario identificar aquellas con mayor riesgo de presentar alguna deficiencia. Conclusiones: La suplementación de vitaminas, minerales y otros micronutrientes durante el embarazo es muy importante para disminuir el riesgo de complicaciones obstétricas y anomalías fetales y perinatales.

Introduction: Adequate nutrition in pregnancy depends not only on a healthy diet, but also on the most effective way of taking vitamins, minerals and other nutrient supplementation. Objective: To describe aspects related to supplementation with folic acid, iron, iodine, calcium, vitamin B12 and omega-3 in pregnancy. Method: A systematic review was conducted between May 2022 and March 2023, concerning supplementation intake of vitamins and minerals in pregnancy. Electronic databases of biomedical scientific literature were reviewed such as: UpToDate, Science Direct, SciELO and PUBMED, LILACS. Searching was on articles published from 2016 to 2022. The key terms for searching in databases were as follow: supplements "Vitamins", "Micronutrients", "Minerals", and "Pregnancy", in English and Spanish. Results: A vitamin, minerals and different nutrients intake requirements has increased in pregnancy. An appropriate diet and the consumption of micronutrients in the form of supplements are the basic support for an adequate health status of the mother and the development the fetus; on the other hand, an adequate nutrition reduces the risk of congenital malformations, obstetric, fetal and perinatal complications. Not all pregnant women need the same amount of supplements, so it is necessary to identify those with a highest risk of presenting deficiency. Conclusions: Supplementation of vitamins, minerals and other micronutrients in pregnancy is very important to reduce the risk of obstetric complications and fetal or perinatal anomalies.

Introdução: a nutrição adequada durante a gravidez depende não só da ingestão correta de alimentos, mas também da administração adequada de vitaminas, minerais e outros nutrientes na forma de suplementos. Objetivo: descrever aspectos relacionados à suplementação com ácido fólico, ferro, iodo, cálcio, vitamina B12 e ômega 3, durante a gestação. Método: foi realizada uma revisão sistemática entre maio de 2022 e março de 2023 sobre a suplementação com algumas vitaminas e minerais durante a gravidez. Bases de dados eletrônicas de literatura científica biomédica como: UpToDate, Science Direct, SciELO e PUBMED, LILACS foram revisadas. A busca dos artigos foi realizada no período de 2016 a 2022. Os termos de busca nas bases de dados foram: suplementos "Vitamins", "Micronutrients", "Minerals" e "Pregnancy", nos idiomas inglês e espanhol. Resultados: as necessidades de vitaminas, minerais e diferentes nutrientes aumentam na gravidez. Uma dieta adequada e o consumo de micronutrientes na forma de suplementos são o suporte básico para um desenvolvimento adequado da mãe e do feto; por outro lado, uma nutrição adequada reduz o risco de malformações congênitas, complicações obstétricas, fetais e perinatais. Nem todas as gestantes precisam da mesma quantidade de suplementos, por isso é necessário identificar aquelas com maior risco de apresentar deficiência. Conclusões: a suplementação de vitaminas, minerais e outros micronutrientes durante a gravidez é muito importante para reduzir o risco de complicações obstétricas e anomalias fetais e perinatais.

Characterization of micronutrient supplements use by Brazilian children 6-59 months of age: Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) / Caracterização do uso de suplementos de micronutrientes por crianças brasileiras de 6-59 meses de idade: Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019) / Caracterización del uso de suplementos de micronutrientes por niños brasileños de 6-59 meses de edad: Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019)

This study aimed to characterize micronutrient supplements use among Brazilian children 6-59 months of age included in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019; n = 12,598). Micronutrient supplements use at the time of the interview and the 6 months prior to it was evaluated using a structured questionnaire. The following indicators were included: micronutrient supplement use; supplements containing a single micronutrient; supplements of the Brazilian National Iron Supplementation Program (PNSF); multivitamin supplements with or without minerals; multivitamin supplements with minerals; multivitamin supplements without minerals. The estimates and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated for Brazil and according to macroregion, educational level of the mother or caregiver, and type of health care service used, considering the sampling plan, weights, and calibration. In Brazil, the prevalence of micronutrient supplements use was 54.2% (95%CI: 50.5; 57.8), with the highest prevalence in the North Region (80.2%; 95%CI: 74.9; 85.6) and among children 6-23 months of age (69.5%; 95%CI: 65.7; 73.3). The prevalence of the use of supplements containing exclusively iron and exclusively vitamin A in Brazil was 14.6% (95%CI: 13.1; 16.1) and 23.3% (95%CI: 19.4; 27.1), respectively. The prevalence of the use of multivitamin with or without minerals in Brazilian children 6-59 months of age was 24.3% (95%CI: 21.4; 27.2). These results may help to understand the practice of supplements use among Brazilian children and support the proposal of national public policies for the prevention and control of micronutrient deficiencies.

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o uso de suplementos de micronutrientes entre crianças brasileiras de 6-59 meses de idade incluídas no Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019; n = 12.598). O uso de suplementos de micronutrientes no momento da entrevista e nos seis meses anteriores foi avaliado por meio de um questionário estruturado. Foram incluídos os seguintes indicadores: uso de suplemento de micronutrientes; suplementos contendo um único micronutriente; suplemento do Programa Nacional de Suplementação de Ferro (PNSF); suplementos multivitamínicos com ou sem minerais; suplementos multivitamínicos com minerais; suplementos multivitamínicos sem minerais. As estimativas pontuais e seus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%) foram calculados para o Brasil e de acordo com a macrorregião, a escolaridade da mãe ou cuidadora e o tipo de serviço de saúde utilizado, considerando o plano, os pesos e a calibração amostral. No Brasil, a prevalência de uso de suplemento de micronutrientes foi de 54,2% (IC95%: 50,5; 57,8), com maior prevalência na Região Norte (80,2%; IC95%: 74,9; 85,6) e entre crianças de 6-23 meses de idade (69,5%; IC95%: 65,7; 73,3). A prevalência do uso de suplementos contendo apenas ferro e apenas vitamina A no Brasil foi de 14,6% (IC95%: 13,1; 16,1) e 23,3% (IC95%: 19,4; 27,1), respectivamente. A prevalência de uso de multivitamínicos com ou sem minerais em crianças brasileiras de 6-59 meses de idade foi de 24,3% (IC95%: 21,4; 27,2). Esses resultados podem auxiliar na compreensão da prática do uso de suplementos entre crianças brasileiras e apoiar a proposta de políticas públicas nacionais de prevenção e controle de deficiências de micronutrientes.

El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el uso de suplementos de micronutrientes entre niños brasileños con edades entre 6-59 meses incluidos en el Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019; n = 12.598). El uso de suplementos de micronutrientes en el momento de la entrevista y en los seis meses anteriores se evaluó mediante un cuestionario estructurado. Se incluyeron los siguientes indicadores: uso de suplementos de micronutrientes; suplementos que contienen un solo micronutriente; suplemento del Programa Nacional de Suplementación con Hierro (PNSF); suplementos multivitamínicos con o sin minerales; suplementos multivitamínicos con minerales; suplementos multivitamínicos libres de minerales. Se calcularon las estimaciones puntuales para Brasil y sus respectivos intervalos del 95% de confianza (IC95%) de acuerdo con la macrorregión, el nivel educativo de la madre/cuidador y el tipo de servicio de salud utilizado, considerando el plan, los pesos y la calibración de la muestra. En Brasil, la prevalencia del uso de suplementos de micronutrientes fue del 54,2% (IC95%: 50,5; 57,8), con mayor prevalencia en la Región Norte (80,2%; IC95%: 74,9; 85,6) y entre niños con edades entre 6-23 meses (69,5%; IC95%: 65,7; 73,3). Las prevalencias del uso de suplementos que contienen solo hierro o solo vitamina A en Brasil fueron del 14,6% (IC95%: 13,1; 16,1) y del 23,3% (IC95%: 19,4; 27,1), respectivamente. La prevalencia de uso de multivitamínicos con o sin minerales en niños brasileños de 6-59 meses de edad fue del 24,3% (IC95%: 21,4; 27,2). Estos resultados pueden ayudar a comprender la práctica de uso de suplementos entre los niños brasileños y apoyar la propuesta de políticas públicas para la prevención y control de la carencia de micronutrientes.

Mineral Density Distribution Differences in Enamel and Dentin Tissues in the Teeth Array According to the HU Scale

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the mineral density of enamel and dentin tissues of healthy individuals using threedimensional cone-beam computed tomography. Material and Methods: CBCT images of 15 healthy individuals, previously obtained for various reasons, were used in this study. In HU measurements, mineral density measurements were made from three different regions of enamel and three different regions of dentin, and the values obtained were compared. Enamel and dentin mineralization density measurements were measured from six regions, namely the crown cutting edge, buccal middle and cervical region for enamel, and the crown cutting edge, cervical region and root apex for dentin. In the comparisons of groups, the parametric One-Way ANOVA variance analysis method was applied. In the paired comparisons between the groups, the Tukey HSD test was applied as the multiple comparison post hoc test. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Results: Mineralization density of tooth enamel and dentin tissues was quantitatively different in the maxilla and mandible in anterior and posterior teeth. Conclusion: In all the teeth, there were statistically significant decreases in the mineral density values of enamel and dentin tissue from occlusal towards the cemento-enamel junction. Statistically significant decreases were observed in the mineral density values of enamel and dentin tissue from the anterior region towards the posterior region in the teeth in both the upper and lower jaws.

Dietary supplement intakes among adults living in Kota Kinabalu during the COVID-19 pandemic: A crosssectional study

@#Introduction: During the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the public may seek a non-pharmacological approach, such as dietary supplements, to prevent or manage COVID-19. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the use of dietary supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic among adults in Kota Kinabalu. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 213 adults living in Kota Kinabalu through convenient sampling from October 2021 to March 2022. A validated questionnaire was used to evaluate their perception on the use of dietary supplements, and the types of dietary supplements consumed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: One-hundred sixty-one (75.6%) adults reported that they were told to consume dietary supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic, primarily from close family members (64.0%) and social media (58.4%). One-hundred and thirty-two (62%) adults were consuming dietary supplements and 46 (34.8%) of them only started taking them during the COVID-19 pandemic. The reasons for taking dietary supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic included enhancing the immune system (83.6%) and for prevention of COVID-19 infection (64.4%). The most common dietary supplements consumed during the COVID-19 pandemic were vitamin C (90.2%), followed by multi-vitamin and mineral (32.6%), and fish oil (25.8%). After adjusting for age, sex, education level, and income level, KadazanDusun adults were most likely to consume dietary supplements (adjusted odds ratio = 2.369, 95% CI: 1.070 - 5.248, p=0.034). Conclusion: There was an increase in the number of adults consuming dietary supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic, which was likely driven by information sharing via family members and social media.

Estimate the Serum Trace Minerals of Female Black Bengal Goats at Different Stages

Serum hormone level was estimated to find out FSH, LH and total estrogen for all the animals under three treatment groups from 20 to 55 week. The FSH level (from 0.56 to 1.32 ng/ml; 0.91 to 1.91 ng/ml and 0.46 to 1.36 ng/ml for first, second and third treatment group, respectively) was higher in the second group; and third group had lowest level out of the three groups. The serum LH level (0.46 to 1.40 ng/ml and 0.27 to 1.91 ng/dl in first and second treatment group, respectively) showed similar pattern like FSH. The total estrogen was higher in the first treatment group (1.08 to 4.2 pg/ml) than that of the second group (0.14 to 2.30pg/ml) and third group ((0.04 to 2.37 pg/ml)). The serum biochemical profiles of the animals under three groups were estimated by serum glucose, total protein in blood and serum cholesterol levels. The glucose level varied from 65.66 to 77.11, 50.03 to 63.78 and 55.22 to 68.66 mg/dl for the first, second and third group, respectively, with higher value at the time of service. The total protein level did not vary much among the animals under three treatment groups (64.45 to 78.55 g/l). The serum cholesterol level varied between 50.17 to 110.05 mg/dl among all the animals irrespective of groups. During prepubertal period this value was low, but it was higher during pubertal period, time of several other services and towards pregnancy for all groups of animals. Regarding the serum trace mineral status, serum copper level showed higher value from 7 months onwards; serum zinc and iron level were almost similar in first and second group; and the third group showed lower value for all the trace minerals. All the good effects noticed in the first treatment group were due to the non-hormonal factors applied to them through nutrition and buck. The effects in the second group of animals was due to the nutritional effect, whereas, the third group showed poor performance without any support from nutrition and social interaction through buck.

Nutritional Contents of Two Varieties of Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam ) Cultivated IN North Western Nigeria

Background and Objectives: Food shortages and nutritional imbalances are among the main food security problems in many countries around the world. In this study, the nutrients content of the yellow and red-fleshed sweet potatoes varieties cultivated in Nigeria were assessed. Materials and Methods: The proximate composition, mineral elements analysis, phytochemicals, and vitamins content of the red and yellow-fleshed sweet potatoes were determined using the standard methods of analysis. Results: The proximate analysis has shown that, the moisture (17.927%) and fat (2.703%) content of the yellow sweet potato were significantly (p<0.05) higher than in the red potato with a content of 16.68% and 1.693% respectively. The protein and fiber content of the red potato are 14.280% and 14.572% respectively, this is quite higher than in the yellow cultivar having 12.987% and 10.443% of the nutrients respectively. The ash and carbohydrate content were same in both. The red potato exhibits high level of sodium (11.420 mg/l), potassium (1.206 mg/l), and magnesium (8.468 mg/l) in contrast to the red potato containing 10.270 mg/l, 1.035 mg/l and 6.127 mg/l of the respective elements. Iron and zinc content were comparable in both cultivars while the calcium content (1.444 mg/l) of the yellow cultivar is significantly higher than in the red variety (1.144 mg/l). The vitamin A, B and E content of the red potato are 8.740 µmol/L, 2.977 mg/dl, and 13.267 mg/dl respectively. These values are significantly (p<0.05) higher than in the yellow potato containing 6.047 µmol/L, 1.680 mg/dl, and 11.110 mg/dl of the respective vitamins. There is no significant difference with respect to the vitamin C content of both yellow (11.850 mg/dl) and red potato (12.520 mg/dl). The phytochemicals: tannins, flavonoids, phenols, terpenes, and anthocyanins content of the red sweet potato are 0.967 mg/g, 1.577 mg/g, 1.867 mg/g, 6.590 mg/g and 2.660 mg/g respectively. Terpenes and anthocyanins were not found in the yellow cultivar. However, saponins (0.823 mg/g) were found in the yellow variety but not in the red potato. Amount of the tannins, flavonoids and phenols observed in the yellow-fleshed potato are 0.667 mg/g, 1.027 mg/g and 1.287 mg/g respectively. These values are lower than in the corresponding red potato. Conclusion: In this study, the nutritional contents of sweet potato varieties have been assessed which will immensely contribute to reducing the menace of malnutrition bedeviling the Northwestern part of Nigeria.

LA DUREZA TOTAL DEL AGUA AFECTA LA MUDA, CALCIFICACIÓN, CRECIMIENTO Y SUPERVIVENCIA DE Cryphiops caementarius (PALAEMONIDAE) / The total water hardness affects molting, calcification, growth and survival of Cryphiops caementarius (Palaemonidae)

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de diferentes niveles de dureza total del agua en la muda, calcificación del exoesqueleto, crecimiento y supervivencia de Cryphiops caementarius. Los camarones machos fueron colectados del río Pativilca (Lima, Perú) y cultivados en recipientes individuales dentro de acuarios (55 L). Se emplearon cuatro niveles de dureza total del agua (100, 200, 300 y 400 mg CaCO3 L-1), con tres repeticiones, respectivamente. Los camarones cultivados en agua con dureza de 300 mg L-1 tuvieron menor periodo de muda (26,7 días) y mayor frecuencia de mudas (tres mudas). El contenido de calcio del exoesqueleto del camarón incrementó (p < 0,05) de 25 a 31 % en agua con dureza de 100 y 400 mg L-1, respectivamente. El mayor grosor del exoesqueleto (144 -jm en cefalotórax y 131 μm en abdomen) fue obtenido en agua con dureza de 400 mg L-1 y el menor grosor (93 -jm en cefalotórax y abdomen) en 100 mg L-1. El crecimiento en longitud fue mayor (p < 0,05) en agua con durezas de 200 y 300 mg L-1. El crecimiento en peso fue similar (p > 0,05) entre tratamientos. La mayor supervivencia (> 94,4 %) se mantuvo en agua con durezas de hasta 300 mg L-1 y la menor supervivencia (77,8 %) fue con 400 mg L-1. La dureza total del agua de 200 y 300 mg L-1 es conveniente para el cultivo del camarón, pero dureza del agua mayor o menor a este rango afectan la muda, el crecimiento y la supervivencia por deficiencia o exceso de calcio acumulado, respectivamente en el exoesqueleto del camarón.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of different levels of total hardness on the molting, calcification of exoskeleton, growth and survival of Cryphiops caementarius prawn. Male prawns were collected from Pativilca river (Lima, Peru) and cultivated in individual containers inside aquariums (55 L). Four levels of the total hardness of water (100, 200, 300 and 400 mg CaCO3 L-1) were used, with three repetitions, respectively. Prawns cultured in water with hardness of 300 mg L-1 has a shorter molting period (26.7 days) and a higher frequency of molts (three molts). The calcium content of the prawn exoskeleton increased (p < 0.05) from 25 to 31 % in water with hardness of 100 and 400 mg L-1, respectively. The greatest thickness of the exoskeleton (144 -jm cephalothorax and 131 -jm abdomen) was obtained in water with a hardness of400 mg L-1 and the smallest thickness (93 -jm in the cephalothorax and abdomen) in 100 mg L-1. The growth in length was greater (p < 0.05) in water with hardness of 200 and 300 mg L-1. The weight growth was similar (p > 0.05) between treatments. The highest survival (> 94.4 %) was maintained in water with hardness up to 300 mg L-1 and the lowest survival (77.8 %) was at 400 mg L-1. The total hardness of 200 and 300 mg L-1 is suitable for prawn farming, but hardness high or lower than this range affects the molting, growth and survival due to deficiency or excess of accumulated calcium, respectively, in the prawn exoskeleton.

Evaluation of Elemental and Volatile Compounds of Three Selected Plants of Genus Hibiscus

Aims: The present study aims to evaluate the minerals, bioactive compounds of 3 selected Hibiscus Genus i,e. Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Hibiscus cannabinus L., and Hibiscus acetosella Welw. Place and Duration of Study: The selected plants were collected during May to October 2018 from Imphal (24°37’N and 93°39’E) Manipur North Eastern State of India, which lies 2590 feet above sea level, and study were carried out in Genetics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Manipur University. Methodology: The minerals composition and bioactive compounds were evaluated by using Graphite Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (GF-AAS) method and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS), respectively. Results: The elemental analysis shows the presence of Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Zinc, Copper, Sodium, Potassium, Selenium, Chromium, Cobalt. By using the GC-MS method, the compounds are identified with Retention time (RT) and area percentage. The two compounds are identified for methanol extract and four compounds for chloroform extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. For Hibiscus cannabinus L., three compounds are identified for methanol extract and four compounds for chloroform extract and for Hibiscus acetosella Welw. eleven compounds for methanol extract and three compounds for chloroform extract. Conclusion: The selected plants are good source of Sodium, Potassium, Selenium, Chromium, Cobalt, Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Zinc, Copper and bioactive compounds which had antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant properties and renal related disorders protection effects. However, it is needed to study the pharmacological activity for further evaluation.

Comparative analysis of bone mineral content measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis and dual energy X ray absorption among children and adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To compare bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual energy X ray absorptiometry (DXA) for measuring body mineral content (BMC) of children and adolescents, and to provide a basis for BIA to accurately measure BMC in children and adolescents.@*Methods@#By using the convenience sampling method, among 1 469 children and adolescents aged 7-17 were recruited in Guangzhou from April to May 2019, the BMC was measured by DXA and BIA. The intraclass correlation coefficient ( ICC ) and Bland Altman analysis were used to evaluate the agreement between BIA and DXA. Bland Altman analysis was performed on log transformed data. The BMC was categorized into age and specific tertiles, and the agreement between methods was evaluated based on the kappa coefficients. Treating the BMC with DXA as the dependent variable, a prediction model was constructed for correcting the BIA measure.@*Results@#The ICC s were 0.93 and 0.94 for boys and girls, respectively. In Bland Altman analysis, the limits of agreements for the BIA to DXA ratio were wide in boys and girls, ranging from 0.27-0.76 and 0.17-0.72, respectively. The kappa coefficients for categorized BMC levels were 0.57 and 0.45 for boys and girls, respectively, showing a fair to good degree of agreement. When sub grouped by BMI, the kappa coefficients for all BMI groups of boys and overweight girls were all >0.75 , with an excellent agreement. The prediction models for boys and girls were as follows: BMC DXA =-0.51+0.44× BMC BIA + 0.06× Age +0.02× BMI ; and BMC DXA =-0.55+0.43× BMC BIA +0.06× Age +0.02× BMI , respectively. The R 2 for models of boys and girls were 0.87 and 0.87, respectively.@*Conclusion@#The agreement between BIA and DXA was poor for measuring BMC, but acceptable when evaluating the categorized BMC levels, suggesting the BIA may be applied in assessment of the BMC levels when compared to the age and gender specific population. Additionally, the prediction model for correcting BMC by BIA fis well to the measurement by DXA.

Evaluation of some nutritional quality criteria of seventeen Moroccan dates varieties and clones, fruits of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L) / Avaliação de alguns critérios de qualidade nutricional de 17 variedades e clones marroquinos de datas, frutos de tamareira (Phoenix dactylifera L)

Date fruit is known to be the staple food in the Arab countries. It provides a lot of potential health benefits and can be the essential source of nutrients. The majority of Moroccan varieties are not characterized for their chemical, biochemical and quality properties. The aim of this work was to assess the chemical composition of 17 varieties of Moroccan date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and to determine their nutritive components. The analysis showed that the dates are rich in sugars (51.80-87.98%), they contain low concentration of proteins (1.09-2.80%) and lipids (0.16-0.39%). The predominant mineral is potassium (1055.26-1604.10 mg/100 g DW). Moreover, they contain high concentrations of malic acid (69.48-495.58 mg/100 g (DW)), oxalic acid (18.47-233.35 mg/100 g DW) and tartaric acid (115.70-484.168 mg/100 g DW). These results suggest that the date fruit are nutritious and can be an excellent source for human nutrition and health benefits.

A fruta da tâmara é conhecida por ser o alimento básico nos países árabes. Oferece muitos benefícios potenciais à saúde e pode ser a fonte essencial de nutrientes. A maioria das variedades marroquinas não se caracteriza por suas propriedades químicas, bioquímicas nem de qualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química de 17 variedades de frutos de tâmara marroquina (Phoenix dactylifera L.) e determinar seu valor nutritivo. A análise mostrou que as tâmaras são ricas em açúcares (51,80-87,98%) e contêm baixa concentração de proteínas (1,09-2,80%) e lipídios (0,16-0,39%). O mineral predominante é o potássio (1.055,26-1.604,10 mg/100 g DW). Além disso, contêm altas concentrações de ácido málico (69,48-495,58 mg/100 g DW), ácido oxálico (18,47-233,35 mg/100 g DW) e ácido tartárico (115,70-484,168 mg/100 g DW). Esses resultados sugerem que o fruto da tamareira é nutritivo e pode ser uma excelente fonte de nutrição humana e conferir benefícios à saúde.

Evaluation of some nutritional quality criteria of seventeen Moroccan dates varieties and clones, fruits of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Abstract Date fruit is known to be the staple food in the Arab countries. It provides a lot of potential health benefits and can be the essential source of nutrients. The majority of Moroccan varieties are not characterized for their chemical, biochemical and quality properties. The aim of this work was to assess the chemical composition of 17 varieties of Moroccan date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and to determine their nutritive components. The analysis showed that the dates are rich in sugars (51.80-87.98%), they contain low concentration of proteins (1.09-2.80%) and lipids (0.16-0.39%). The predominant mineral is potassium (1055.26-1604.10 mg/100 g DW). Moreover, they contain high concentrations of malic acid (69.48-495.58 mg/100 g (DW)), oxalic acid (18.47-233.35 mg/100 g DW) and tartaric acid (115.70-484.168 mg/100 g DW). These results suggest that the date fruit are nutritious and can be an excellent source for human nutrition and health benefits.

Resumo A fruta da tâmara é conhecida por ser o alimento básico nos países árabes. Oferece muitos benefícios potenciais à saúde e pode ser a fonte essencial de nutrientes. A maioria das variedades marroquinas não se caracteriza por suas propriedades químicas, bioquímicas nem de qualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química de 17 variedades de frutos de tâmara marroquina (Phoenix dactylifera L.) e determinar seu valor nutritivo. A análise mostrou que as tâmaras são ricas em açúcares (51,80-87,98%) e contêm baixa concentração de proteínas (1,09-2,80%) e lipídios (0,16-0,39%). O mineral predominante é o potássio (1.055,26-1.604,10 mg/100 g DW). Além disso, contêm altas concentrações de ácido málico (69,48-495,58 mg/100 g DW), ácido oxálico (18,47-233,35 mg/100 g DW) e ácido tartárico (115,70-484,168 mg/100 g DW). Esses resultados sugerem que o fruto da tamareira é nutritivo e pode ser uma excelente fonte de nutrição humana e conferir benefícios à saúde.

Copper sulfate and arginine supplements on performance, thyroid hormones and blood biochemistry of broilers fed with canola meal-based diets / Avaliação da suplementação com sulfato de cobre e arginina sobre o desempenho, hormônios tireoidianos e bioquímica sanguínea de frangos alimentados com dietas à base de canola

The present evaluated the effects of copper sulfate solution (CSS) and arginine powder (Arg) supplements on performance, thyroid hormones and blood biochemistry of broiler chickens fed with canola meal (CM)-based diets. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 3 × 3 factorial and 9 treatments, corresponding to 3 levels of CSS (0, 125 and 250 mg/kg) and 3 levels of Arg (0, 0.1 and 0.2%) (n = 45 per treatment). Feeds were offered ad libitum for 21 days, from 22 to 42 days of age. Feed efficiency was significantly affected by the dietary addition of 250 mg/kg CSS and 0.2% Arg, and by the CSS × Arg interaction. CM supplemented with CSS improved the thyroid gland status and increased the plasma levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Birds fed diets supplemented with 0.2% Arg had lower blood glucose level than the other treatments. The addition of 250 mg/kg CSS and 0.2% Arg reduced the stress caused by the rapid growth of broilers, also increasing the overall bird welfare.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com solução de sulfato de cobre (SSC) e arginina em pó (Arg) sobre o desempenho, hormônios tireoidianos e bioquímica sanguínea de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas à base de canola DC. O desenho experimental foi completamente casualizado com fatorial 3 × 3 e nove tratamentos correspondentes a três níveis de inclusão de SSC (0, 125 e 250 mg/kg) e três níveis de Arg (0, 0,1 e 0,2%) (n = 45 para cada tratamento). As rações foram oferecidas ad libitum por 21 dias, de 22 até 42 dias de idade. A eficiência alimentar foi significativamente afetada pela adição de 250 mg/kg de SSC e 0,2% de Arg, assim como pela interação SSC × Arg. A suplementação da DC com SSC melhorou os parâmetros da glândula tireoide e aumentou os níveis plasmáticos de triiodotironina e tiroxina. As aves alimentadas com dietas suplementadas com 0,2% de Arg apresentaram menor nível de glicose sanguínea do que as dos demais tratamentos. A adição de 250 mg/kg de SSC e 0,2% de Arg reduz o estresse causado pelo rápido crescimento dos frangos, além de melhorar as condições gerais de bem estar das aves.

Evaluation of some nutritional quality criteria of seventeen Moroccan dates varieties and clones, fruits of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L. ) / Avaliação de alguns critérios de qualidade nutricional de 17 variedades e clones marroquinos de datas, frutos de tamareira (Phoenix dactylifera L. )

Date fruit is known to be the staple food in the Arab countries. It provides a lot of potential health benefits and can be the essential source of nutrients. The majority of Moroccan varieties are not characterized for their chemical, biochemical and quality properties. The aim of this work was to assess the chemical composition of 17 varieties of Moroccan date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and to determine their nutritive components. The analysis showed that the dates are rich in sugars (51.80-87.98%), they contain low concentration of proteins (1.09-2.80%) and lipids (0.16-0.39%). The predominant mineral is potassium (1055.26-1604.10 mg/100 g DW). Moreover, they contain high concentrations of malic acid (69.48-495.58 mg/100 g (DW)), oxalic acid (18.47-233.35 mg/100 g DW) and tartaric acid (115.70-484.168 mg/100 g DW). These results suggest that the date fruit are nutritious and can be an excellent source for human nutrition and health benefits.

A fruta da tâmara é conhecida por ser o alimento básico nos países árabes. Oferece muitos benefícios potenciais à saúde e pode ser a fonte essencial de nutrientes. A maioria das variedades marroquinas não se caracteriza por suas propriedades químicas, bioquímicas nem de qualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química de 17 variedades de frutos de tâmara marroquina (Phoenix dactylifera L.) e determinar seu valor nutritivo. A análise mostrou que as tâmaras são ricas em açúcares (51,80-87,98%) e contêm baixa concentração de proteínas (1,09-2,80%) e lipídios (0,16-0,39%). O mineral predominante é o potássio (1.055,26-1.604,10 mg/100 g DW). Além disso, contêm altas concentrações de ácido málico (69,48-495,58 mg/100 g DW), ácido oxálico (18,47-233,35 mg/100 g DW) e ácido tartárico (115,70-484,168 mg/100 g DW). Esses resultados sugerem que o fruto da tamareira é nutritivo e pode ser uma excelente fonte de nutrição humana e conferir benefícios à saúde.

Vitamin and mineral levels during pregnancy

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Numerous physiological changes occur during pregnancy, which affect both the mother and the fetus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the magnesium, calcium, phosphate, parathormone (PTH), and vitamin D levels in each trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: In this study, 30 pregnant women in the first trimester, 30 pregnant women in the second trimester, 30 pregnant women in the third trimester, and 30 healthy, non-pregnant women (control) in the same age group were included. The serum magnesium, calcium, phosphate, PTH, and vitamin D levels were measured in all the participants. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found in the PTH and phosphate levels within the groups. In contrast, a significant difference was found in the vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium levels (p<0.001 for all). By analyzing the differences between the groups, the vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium levels were found to decrease with increase in the gestational weeks. CONCLUSION: For maintaining a healthy pregnancy and fetus, we recommend vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium levels to be included in routine follow-ups for each trimester and supplemented in case of deficiency.

Suplementación de micronutrientes durante el embarazo: revisión narrativa de revisiones sistemáticas y metanálisis / Micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy: narrative review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Resumen OBJETIVO: Describir los efectos de la suplementación con vitamina B12, vitamina D, calcio, magnesio, zinc y múltiples micronutrientes asociados con complicaciones perinatales. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio retrospectivo, basado en la búsqueda bibliográfica de revisiones sistemáticas y metanálisis en la base de datos de Medline-PubMed, acerca de la suplementación con Vitamina B12, vitamina D, calcio, magnesio y zinc, además de la suplementación con múltiples micronutrientes en mujeres con embarazo único, sanas y con alteraciones metabólicas, de artículos publicados entre 2012 y 2022. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 51 revisiones y metanálisis. De acuerdo con los estudios, la suplementación con vitamina D reduce el riesgo de diabetes gestacional y preeclampsia, y posiblemente el riesgo de bajo peso al nacimiento y de pequeño para la edad gestacional. La suplementación con calcio disminuye el riesgo de hipertensión gestacional y preeclampsia en mujeres con alto riesgo y con bajo consumo de calcio. La suplementación con múltiples micronutrientes demostró un efecto en la reducción del bajo peso al nacimiento, pequeño para la edad gestacional, óbito y, posiblemente, parto pretérmino. Pocos estudios reportan que la suplementación con magnesio disminuye la hospitalización materna y mejora el control glucémico en mujeres con diabetes gestacional. Se requieren más estudios de suplementación con vitamina B12, zinc y magnesio. CONCLUSIÓN: No existe un esquema de referencia de suplementación con micronutrientes efectivo para todas las mujeres; el protocolo debe individualizarse en cuanto al tipo de nutrimento, dosis, características específicas, riesgos individuales y contexto de cada mujer, su consumo dietético y deficiencias, entre otros factores. La suplementación debe formar parte de los programas de salud gestacional, para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria y mejorar las condiciones de salud pública.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe the effects of vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, zinc and multiple micronutrient (MMS) supplementation on perinatal complications. METHODS: We performed a search of systematic reviews/meta-analyses of supplementation in healthy women, and/or with metabolic disorders, with a single pregnancy (Medline/PubMed; 2012-2022). RESULTS: 51 reviews/meta-analyses were included. Vitamin D supplementation appears to reduce the risk of gestational diabetes (GDM) and preeclampsia; and possibly the risk of low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA). Calcium supplementation reduces the risk of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, in women at high risk and with low calcium intake. MMS showed an effect in reducing LBW, SGA, stillbirth, and possibly preterm birth. Few studies reported that magnesium supplementation could decrease maternal hospitalization and improve glycemic control in women with GDM. More studies on vitamin B12, zinc and magnesium supplementation are required. CONCLUSION: There is no single effective micronutrient supplementation scheme for all women; this must be individualized in terms of the type of nutrient, dose, specific characteristics, individual risks and context of each woman, her dietary intake/micronutrient deficiencies, among others. Supplementation should be part of a policy to improve gestational clinical care, ensure food security and improve public health conditions.